Biofabrication - Revolutionizing the future of regenerative periodontics

Periodontium is a compartmentalized and highly specialized tissue responsible for tooth stability. Loss of tooth attachment due to periodontitis and trauma is a complex clinical burden affecting a large parcel of the adult and elderly population worldwide, and regenerative strategies to reestablish the native conditions of the periodontium are paramount. Biofabrication of scaffolds, through various techniques and materials, for regenerative periodontics has significantly evolved in the last decades. From the basics of occlusive membranes and graft materials to the complexity of converging 3D printing and Bioprinting using image-based models, biofabrication opens many possibilities for patient-specific scaffolds that recapitulate the anatomical and physiological conditions of periodontal tissues and interfaces. Thus, this review presents fundamental concepts related to the native characteristics of the periodontal tissues, the key to designing personalized strategies, and the latest trends of biofabrication in regenerative periodontics with a critical overview of how these emerging technologies have the potential to shift the one-size-fits-all paradigm.