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Related Concept Videos

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)00:53

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Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
Similar to cross-metathesis, ADMET also involves the formation of metallacyclobutane intermediate by [2+2] cycloaddition of one of the double bonds of a terminal diene with...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this...
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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2025

A Facile and Efficient Approach for the Production of Reversible Disulfide Cross-linked Micelles
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Toward Intracellular Delivery: Aliphatic Polycarbonates with Pendant Thiol-Reactive Thiosulfonates for Reversible

Patric Komforth1,2, Jan Imschweiler1, Milena Hesse2,3

  • 1Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany.

Biomacromolecules
|December 4, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces novel biodegradable polymers with thiol-reactive groups for reversible modifications. These functional polymers form micelles for potential intracellular drug delivery.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Biomaterials

Background:

  • Postpolymerization modification is crucial for synthesizing complex functional polymers.
  • Biodegradable polymers are essential for biomedical applications, including drug delivery.
  • Developing polymers with reversible modification capabilities enhances their utility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize aliphatic polycarbonates with pendant thiol-reactive thiosulfonate groups.
  • To demonstrate reversible postpolymerization modification via disulfide formation.
  • To create functional block copolymers for self-assembly and drug delivery applications.

Main Methods:

  • Organocatalytic ring-opening polymerization of six-membered cyclic carbonates.
  • Reversible modification of polymers with benzyl mercaptans.
  • Block copolymerization with polyethylene glycol and micelle formation.

Main Results:

  • Polymers with narrow molecular weight dispersities (Đ = 1.2) and intact thiosulfonate groups were synthesized.
  • High degrees of reversible disulfide modification were achieved.
  • Amphiphilic block copolymers self-assembled into micelles (∼33 nm) capable of encapsulating and delivering hydrophobic dyes into macrophages.

Conclusions:

  • The developed polymers enable reversible postpolymerization modification of biodegradable scaffolds.
  • The resulting block copolymers can form functional micelles for potential intracellular drug delivery.
  • This platform offers a versatile approach for designing advanced functional biomaterials.