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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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Precision Control of Cell Type-Specific Behavior via RNA Sensing and Editing.

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The novel CRISPR-ADAReader system precisely targets RNA to control cell activity. This advanced genetic tool shows promise for cancer treatment by selectively eliminating tumor cells while maintaining safety in vivo.

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Area of Science:

  • Bioengineering
  • Biopharmaceuticals
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetic Engineering

Background:

  • A need exists for precise genetic tools to identify and manipulate specific cell types via signaling pathways.
  • Current methods lack the specificity and programmability required for advanced cellular control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and evaluate the CRISPR-ADAReader system for RNA detection and cell activity manipulation.
  • To demonstrate the system's programmability, specificity, and sensitivity in regulating cellular behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Development of the CRISPR-ADAReader system with positive and negative feedback loops.
  • Utilizing distinct RNAs as activation signals for monitoring and altering cell behaviors.
  • Case study on retinoblastoma treatment involving MCYN and Rb transcript detection.

Main Results:

  • The CRISPR-ADAReader system demonstrated precise RNA sensing and tailored cellular regulation.
  • In retinoblastoma models, it selectively induced apoptosis in cancer cells while protecting normal cells.
  • Significant anti-tumor effectiveness was observed in vivo, reducing tumor proliferation and activating cancer-suppression pathways.

Conclusions:

  • The CRISPR-ADAReader system is a groundbreaking tool for RNA detection and editing.
  • It offers precise and customizable governance of cell behavior with a favorable in vivo safety profile.