Communicative health literacy and associated variables in nine European countries: results from the HLS₁₉ survey

Our study aimed to report on variables associated with communicative health literacy (COM-HL) in European adults. The HLS₁₉ survey was conducted in 2019-2021 including nine countries which measured COM-HL by using a validated questionnaire (HLS₁₉-COM-P-Q6 with a score ranging from 0 to 100). Linear regression models were used to study variables associated with COM-HL globally (multilevel model with random intercepts and slopes and at country level) and in each country. Additional models studied each of the HLS₁₉-COM-P-Q6 items separately. The mean COM-HL score ranged between 62.5 and 76.6 across countries. Among the 18,137 pooled participants, COM-HL was positively associated with age, a higher self-perceived social status, previous training in healthcare, an increasing number of general practitioner visits; and negatively associated with female sex, reported financial difficulties, having a chronic condition and an increasing number of specialist visits. These effects were heterogeneous from one country to another, and from one item to another when analysing the different COM-HL items separately. However, there was a consistent statistically significant association between COM-HL (score and each item) and financial difficulties as well as self-perceived social status in all countries. Interventions to improve communication between patients and physicians should be a high priority to limit communication disparities.