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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
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Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the...
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Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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Sutures of the Skull01:22

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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
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Overview of the Skull01:08

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The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
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Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

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In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2025

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures
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Occipital condyle fractures revisited.

Mahla Radmard1, Armin Tafazolimoghadam2, Akua Afrah Amoah3

  • 1Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Phipps B100, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.

Emergency Radiology
|December 5, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Occipital condyle fractures (OCFs) occur in 0.25% of trauma patients, often in asymptomatic individuals. Awareness of OCF types and associated C1-2 and intracranial injuries is crucial for emergency radiology evaluations.

Keywords:
BrainCervical spineFractureOccipital condyleTrauma

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Area of Science:

  • Radiology
  • Trauma Imaging
  • Cervical Spine Injuries

Background:

  • Occipital condyle fractures (OCFs) are classified using the Anderson and Montesano system.
  • Types include Type I (comminuted, minimally displaced), Type II (stable, associated with basilar skull fractures), and Type III (unstable avulsion fractures).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the incidence and characteristics of OCFs in emergency department patients.
  • To analyze the mechanism of injury and associated intracranial and cervical spine injuries.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 24,986 cervical spine CT examinations over five years.
  • Review of CT brain and CT cervical spine reports, collecting data on patient demographics, clinical presentation, and injury patterns.

Main Results:

  • OCFs were identified in 63 patients (0.25%), predominantly males, with a mean age of 51.1 years.
  • 34.9% of OCFs occurred in asymptomatic patients.
  • Concurrent injuries included C1-2 fractures (33.3%) and intracranial hemorrhages (47.6%). Unstable Type III fractures were more common in motor vehicle collision victims.

Conclusions:

  • Comprehensive imaging and evaluation are vital for identifying OCFs, even in asymptomatic individuals.
  • Radiologists must be aware of OCF types and their high association with C1-2 and intracranial injuries in trauma patients.