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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Smooth muscle contraction is a complex process vital for various bodily functions, from maintaining blood vessel tension to facilitating the movement of food through the digestive tract. Unlike striated muscles, smooth muscle contraction begins more slowly and lasts longer.
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De novo myogenesis, or the formation of muscle fibers, begins during the early embryonic stages. The skeletal muscle is formed from somites– blocks of embryonic cell layers. The somites are further divided into dermatomes, myotomes, sclerotomes, and syndetomes. Among these, the myotomes give rise to muscle fibers.
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Nitric oxide (NO), an inorganic gas, acts as a potent second messenger in most animal and plant tissues. NO diffuses out of the cells that produce it and enters the neighboring cells to generate a downstream response. NO synthase (NOS) catalyzes NO production by the deamination of the amino acid arginine. There are three isoforms of NOS. Endothelial cells have endothelial NOS (eNOS), nerve and muscle cells have neuronal NOS (nNOS), and macrophages produce inducible NOS (iNOS) upon exposure...
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RNA Splicing

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Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
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Long Non-Coding RNA Function in Smooth Muscle Cell Plasticity and Atherosclerosis.

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Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
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Long non-coding RNAs regulate smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotypic switching, a key process in atherosclerosis development. Understanding these RNA roles offers new therapeutic targets for vascular disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Vascular Biology
  • RNA Biology
  • Atherosclerosis Research

Background:

  • Vascular cells, including smooth muscle cells (SMCs), normally maintain a contractile phenotype.
  • Vascular injury triggers SMC phenotypic switching, contributing to atherosclerotic lesion development.
  • Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are increasingly recognized for their role in regulating SMC identity and function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of lncRNA regulation in SMC phenotypic switching.
  • To discuss methodologies for studying lncRNA function in this context.
  • To evaluate therapeutic strategies targeting lncRNAs in atherosclerosis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on lncRNAs and SMCs in atherosclerosis.
  • Discussion of advanced techniques like single-cell transcriptomics.
  • Analysis of therapeutic potential of lncRNA targeting.

Main Results:

  • SMCs exhibit plasticity and can transdifferentiate, influenced by lncRNAs.
  • lncRNAs play a dynamic role in regulating SMC phenotype during vascular remodeling.
  • Emerging technologies enable precise investigation of lncRNA functions.

Conclusions:

  • lncRNAs are critical regulators of SMC phenotypic switching in atherosclerosis.
  • Targeting lncRNAs presents promising therapeutic avenues for treating vascular diseases.
  • Further research utilizing advanced molecular tools is warranted.