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A neutral atom consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a negatively charged electron cloud. When placed in an external electric field, the external electric force pulls the electrons and nucleus apart, opposite to the intrinsic attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. The opposing forces balance each other with a slight shift between the center of masses of the nucleus and the electron cloud, resulting in a polarized atom. On the other hand, a few molecules, like water,...
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Free-electron coupling to surface polaritons mediated by small scatterers.

Leila Prelat1, Eduardo J C Dias1, F Javier García de Abajo1,2

  • 1ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain.

Nanophotonics (Berlin, Germany)
|December 5, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Free electrons can efficiently excite surface polaritons (SPs) using scatterers, overcoming the wavelength mismatch that hinders optical excitation. This method enables nanoscale light manipulation for advanced photonic applications.

Keywords:
coupling to confined polaritonsfree electronsnanophotonicspolaritonic Smith–Purcell emission

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Area of Science:

  • Nanophotonics
  • Plasmonics
  • Quantum Electrodynamics

Background:

  • Surface polaritons (SPs) offer nanoscale light manipulation for optical sensing and nonlinear optics.
  • Direct optical excitation of SPs is limited by wavelength mismatch, hindering photonic device development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To theoretically investigate free-electron excitation of surface polaritons (SPs) via scatterers.
  • To demonstrate efficient SP excitation using low-energy electrons and optimize the excitation process.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical exploration of free-electron-SP coupling mediated by small scatterers.
  • Analysis of electron beam alignment with periodic scatterer arrays for directed SP excitation.

Main Results:

  • Low-energy electrons can efficiently excite SPs with maximum probability at an optimal distance.
  • In-plane Smith-Purcell emission directs SP excitation along specific directions when using periodic scatterers.

Conclusions:

  • Scattering elements provide an effective mechanism for exciting SPs using low-energy electrons.
  • This approach overcomes limitations of direct optical excitation, advancing SP-based photonics.