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Related Concept Videos

Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity01:26

Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity

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Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

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Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
Ruthenium-based Grubbs catalyst is the most commonly used catalyst for olefin metathesis polymerization. Grubbs catalyst consists...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

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Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...
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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)01:16

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Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
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Updated: Jun 5, 2025

Synthesis of Programmable Main-chain Liquid-crystalline Elastomers Using a Two-stage Thiol-acrylate Reaction
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Multimaterial Thermoset Synthesis: Switching Polymerization Mechanism with Light Dosage.

Yuting Ma1, Reagan J Dreiling1, Elizabeth A Recker2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.

ACS Central Science
|December 5, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel photopolymerization method allows spatial control over material properties by switching between radical and cationic polymerization using light dosage. This technique enables the creation of complex multimaterial thermosets from standard resins.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Photochemistry

Background:

  • Synthesizing thermoset materials with controlled physical properties is challenging.
  • Existing methods often lack spatial control or require specialized resins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a photoinitiated polymerization method for spatial control of radical and cationic polymerization.
  • To enable the creation of multimaterial thermosets using readily available resins.

Main Methods:

  • Developed Switching Polymerizations by Light Titration (SPLiT) using substoichiometric photobuffers and photoacid generators.
  • Controlled polymerization by varying monochromatic light dosage (intensity or irradiation time).
  • Utilized commercially available resins with inexpensive photobuffers like tetrabutylammonium chloride.

Main Results:

  • Achieved spatial switching between radical and cationic polymerization based on light dosage.
  • Demonstrated patterning capabilities for constructing multimaterial thermosets.
  • Enabled the preparation of multimodulus constructs via grayscale vat photopolymerization 3D printing.

Conclusions:

  • The SPLiT method offers a versatile approach for creating complex thermoset architectures.
  • This technique simplifies the production of advanced materials by using standard resins.
  • It opens possibilities for sophisticated 3D printing applications requiring spatially defined properties.