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Overview of Microscopy Techniques01:22

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The early pioneers of microscopy opened a window into the invisible world of microorganisms. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes that leveraged nonvisible light, such as fluorescence microscopy that uses an ultraviolet light source and electron microscopy that uses short-wavelength electron beams. These advances significantly improved magnification, image resolution, and contrast. By comparison, the...
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Optical microscopy uses optic principles to provide detailed images of samples. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek designed the first compound optical microscope in the 17th century to visualize blood cells, bacteria, and yeast cells. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes with enhanced magnification and resolution.
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To be visualized by an electron microscope, either transmission or scanning, biological samples need to be fixed (stabilized) so the electron beam does not destroy them and dried thoroughly (desiccated/dehydrated) so the vacuum does not affect them. Fixation needs to be done as quickly as possible because the sample properties will start changing as soon as it is removed from its natural environment. For example, in a tissue sample, the oxygen levels begin decreasing, causing an altered...
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A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
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The wavelengths of visible light ultimately limit the maximum theoretical resolution of images created by light microscopes. Most light microscopes can only magnify 1000X, and a few can magnify up to 1500X. Electrons, like electromagnetic radiation, can behave like waves, but with wavelengths of 0.005 nm, they produce significantly greater resolution up to 0.05 nm as compared to 500 nm for visible light. An electron microscope (EM) can create a sharp image that is magnified up to 2,000,000X.
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Three-dimensional imaging techniques are essential in cell biology, allowing researchers to visualize intricate cellular structures with high resolution. Two prominent methods, Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy (DIC) and Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy (CSLM), provide distinct advantages for imaging live and thick specimens, respectively.Differential Interference Contrast MicroscopyDIC microscopy enhances contrast in transparent, unstained samples by converting phase...
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Updated: Jun 5, 2025

A Field Primer for Monitoring Benthic Ecosystems Using Structure-From-Motion Photogrammetry
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SuMOS, a submerged microscope for observing substrates: Studying benthic activity in aquatic environments.

Jens Wira1, Allen R Place1

  • 1Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, 701 E Pratt St, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.

Hardwarex
|December 5, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a low-cost underwater camera system, the Submerged Microscope for Observing Substrates (SuMOS), to record aquatic substrate activity. This robust, autonomous system captures high-resolution images in challenging conditions, aiding ecological studies.

Keywords:
Aquatic SubstratesSubmerged Camera SystemSubstrate Colonization

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Marine Biology
  • Instrumentation Engineering

Background:

  • Studying aquatic substrate interfaces requires specialized tools for in situ observation.
  • Existing methods can be costly, complex, or lack temporal resolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and construct a low-cost, autonomous underwater camera system for observing aquatic substrates.
  • To enhance in situ, time-resolved data collection at solid-liquid interfaces.

Main Methods:

  • Development of the Submerged Microscope for Observing Substrates (SuMOS) using Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W and Camera Module v3 NoIR.
  • Implementation of a waterproof housing with IR illumination and substrate mounting capabilities.
  • Autonomous operation with high-resolution image capture at fixed intervals.

Main Results:

  • The SuMOS system demonstrated robustness in challenging optical conditions in the Choptank River.
  • Successfully captured patterns of amphipod activity on aquatic substrates.
  • Validated the system's capability for low-light, high-resolution imaging.

Conclusions:

  • The SuMOS system offers a cost-effective, user-friendly solution for in situ aquatic research.
  • Provides a scalable platform for time-resolved studies of substrate-level ecological processes.
  • Facilitates enhanced data collection for understanding aquatic/solid surface boundary interactions.