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Electrically tunable conducting oxide metasurfaces for high power applications.

Ruzan Sokhoyan¹, Prachi Thureja¹, Jared Sisler¹

¹Thomas J. Watson Laboratories of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.

Nanophotonics (Berlin, Germany)

|December 5, 2024

Summary

Active metasurfaces using indium tin oxide (ITO) demonstrate robust thermal performance under high-power laser illumination. These conducting oxide metasurfaces show potential for demanding applications like optical communications and LiDAR.

Keywords:

LiDAR active metasurface cadmium oxide free space optical communications high power illumination indium tin oxide thermal analysis

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Area of Science:

Photonics and optical engineering
Materials science
Nanotechnology

Background:

Active metasurfaces offer dynamic wavefront control at optical frequencies.
Understanding power-handling limits is crucial for practical applications of metasurfaces.
Conducting oxide metasurfaces are emerging photonic components with tunable optical properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the thermal performance and power-handling limits of gate-tunable conducting oxide metasurfaces.
To assess the robustness of indium tin oxide (ITO) based metasurfaces under high-power continuous wave (CW) and pulsed laser illumination.
To explore theoretical improvements in metasurface reflectance using alternative conducting oxides.

Main Methods:

Experimental characterization of reflective gate-tunable ITO metasurfaces under high irradiance CW laser beams (1.6–9.1 kW/cm²).
Measurement of optical response and temperature rise under applied electrical bias and laser illumination.
Theoretical modeling to predict reflectance enhancement by replacing ITO with cadmium oxide (CdO) in the epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) regime.

Main Results:

ITO metasurfaces exhibited no significant change in optical response up to 9.1 kW/cm² under CW illumination.
Despite high light absorption (>60%) in the ITO charge layer, the local temperature rise was modest, indicating robustness.
Theoretical analysis predicted a tenfold increase in reflectance by using CdO instead of ITO in the ENZ regime.

Conclusions:

Gate-tunable conducting oxide metasurfaces possess the thermal robustness required for high-power optical applications.
The findings support the use of these metasurfaces in areas such as free-space optical communications, LiDAR, and laser-based additive manufacturing.
CdO-based metasurfaces offer a promising route for enhanced performance in high-power photonic devices.