Harmonic quantum cascade laser terahertz frequency combs enabled by multilayer graphene top-cavity scatters

Optical frequency comb synthesizers, operating in the harmonic regime, are metrological sources in which the emitted optical power is concentrated in a few modes, spaced by several multiples of the cavity free spectral range (FSR). This behavior reflects in a large correlation degree and, in principle, in an increased optical power per mode. In miniaturized quantum cascade lasers (QCLs), harmonic frequency combs (HFCs) are hence particularly attracting to explore quantum correlation effects between adjacent harmonic modes, enabled by the inherently large gain media third-order χ ⁽³⁾ Kerr nonlinearity, even if controlled generation of stable HFCs of predefined order, is typically demanding in such electrically pumped sources. Here, we demonstrate stable 2^nd order and 3^rd order HFC emission in terahertz frequency QCLs by respectively patterning an individual or a couple of equally spaced distributed multilayer graphene absorbers on the top metallic waveguides.