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Ascidian Larvae Discriminate Nano-Scale Difference in Surface Structures During Substrate Selection for Settlement.

Daisuke Sakai1, Noburu Sensui2, Euichi Hirose3

  • 1School of Regional Innovation and Social Design Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology, Kitami, Hokkaido 090-8507, Japan.

Zoological Science
|December 5, 2024
PubMed
Summary

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Ascidian larvae avoid settling on certain nanostructures. This study reveals that larval settlement preferences depend on nanostructure size, impacting biofouling management strategies.

Area of Science:

  • Marine Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Sessile marine invertebrates' planktonic larvae select settlement substrates based on environmental cues.
  • Previous research indicated *Phallusia philippinensis* larvae avoid nano-scale nipple arrays.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether ascidian larvae discriminate between different sizes of nano-scale structures during substrate selection.
  • To determine the influence of nanostructure dimensions on larval settlement preference.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of periodic nano-folds with varying sizes using two-beam interference exposure.
  • Substrate selection assays conducted with *Phallusia philippinensis* larvae on nano-structured and flat surfaces.
  • Statistical analysis of larval settlement preferences using Manly's selection indices.
Keywords:
ascidian larvabiofoulingnano-scale fabricationperiodic nano-foldssubstrate preferencetwo-beam interference exposure

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Main Results:

  • Ascidian larvae exhibited a positive preference for flat surfaces.
  • Larvae showed a negative preference for substrates with 120 nm height and 600 nm pitch nano-folds.
  • Manly's selection indices varied significantly across different nano-fold sizes, indicating discrimination.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides the first evidence that nanostructure size influences substrate selection in sessile animal larvae.
  • Larval discrimination of nano-scale features suggests adaptive evolutionary strategies for settlement.
  • Findings have implications for developing non-toxic methods to manage ascidian biofouling.