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Related Concept Videos

Hearing01:31

Hearing

51.8K
When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

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Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
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The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

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The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location01:21

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

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The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by...
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Perception of Sound Waves01:01

Perception of Sound Waves

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The human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies in the audible range. It may perceive sound waves with the same pressure but different frequencies as having different loudness. Moreover, the perception of sound waves depends on the health of an individual's ears, which decays with age. The health of one's ears may also be affected by regular exposure to loud noises.
The pitch of a sound depends on the frequency and the pressure amplitude of the source. Two sounds of the same...
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Temporal modulation transfer functions derived from envelope following responses: what can they tell us about auditory midbrain tuning properties?

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Age-Related Decline in Neural Phase-Locking to Envelope and Temporal Fine Structure Revealed by Frequency Following Responses: A Potential Signature of Cochlear Synaptopathy Impairing Speech Intelligibility.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2025

Neuro-rehabilitation Approach for Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
09:44

Neuro-rehabilitation Approach for Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Published on: January 25, 2016

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Unravelling hidden hearing loss.

Emmanuel Ponsot1

  • 1Science & Technology of Music and Sound Laboratory, IRCAM/CNRS/Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.

Elife
|December 5, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Damage to synapses between hair cells and the auditory nerve causes hidden hearing loss. This condition affects auditory nerve function, leading to undetected hearing impairments.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Audiology
  • Otoacoustic Emissions

Background:

  • Hair cells in the inner ear are crucial for hearing.
  • Synaptic connections between hair cells and the auditory nerve transmit sound information.
  • Damage to these synapses can occur without affecting the hair cells themselves.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of synaptic damage on hearing.
  • To identify methods for detecting hearing impairments caused by synaptic dysfunction.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized animal models with induced synaptic damage.
  • Assessed auditory nerve responses and hearing thresholds.
  • Measured otoacoustic emissions to evaluate hair cell function.
Keywords:
cochlear neurodegenerationcochlear synaptopathydementiaenvelope following responsehair cellshidden hearing losshumanneuroscience

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Intrathecal Application of a Fluorescent Dye for the Identification of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks in Cochlear Malformation
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Main Results:

  • Synaptic damage resulted in significant hearing impairments.
  • Standard hearing tests failed to detect these impairments.
  • Otoacoustic emissions remained normal, indicating intact hair cells.

Conclusions:

  • Damage to the synapses connecting hair cells to the auditory nerve is a significant cause of hearing loss.
  • This type of hearing impairment is often undetected by conventional audiological assessments.
  • Further research is needed to develop diagnostic tools for synaptic auditory neuropathy.