Imperfect wound healing sets the stage for chronic diseases

Although the age of the genome gave us much insight about how our organs fail with disease, it also suggested that diseases do not arise from mutations alone; rather, they develop as we age. In this Review, we examine how wound healing might act to ignite disease. Wound healing works well when we are younger, repairing damage from accidents, environmental assaults, and battles with pathogens. Yet, with age and accumulation of mutations and tissue damage, the repair process can devolve, leading to inflammation, fibrosis, and neoplastic signaling. We discuss healthy wound responses and how our bodies might misappropriate these pathways in disease. Although we focus predominantly on epithelial-based (lung and skin) diseases, similar pathways might operate in cardiac, muscle, and neuronal diseases.