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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
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Orally administered drugs primarily enter the systemic circulation via passive diffusion through the intestinal membranes. The drug's absorption is influenced by drug stability in the gastrointestinal GI tract, membrane permeability, the surface area available for absorption, luminal drug concentration, and residence time in the lumen. Drug permeability can be enhanced by adjusting the lipophilicity, polarity, or molecular size of the drug, promoting its passive transport across intestinal...
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Solution, Solubility, and Solubility Equilibrium
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent, the major component, and a solute, the minor component. The physical state of a solution—solid, liquid, or gas—is typically the same as that of the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
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Guest inclusion by native cyclodextrins in solid state and solutions: A review.

Askar K Gatiatulin1, Marat A Ziganshin1, Valery V Gorbatchuk1

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This review explores cyclodextrin (CD) inclusion complex formation in solid states, differing from aqueous methods. It highlights phase transitions and factors like guest size and water competition in solid-state complexation.

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CyclodextrinGuest inclusionHydrophobic effectSolid phaseSolution thermodynamicsThermodynamic activity

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Cyclodextrin (CD) inclusion complex preparation often occurs in solid, low-water systems.
  • Classical aqueous complexation models do not fully describe solid-state processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review solid-state guest inclusion by native cyclodextrins.
  • To compare solid-state complexation with aqueous complexation mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of solid-state phase transitions in CD complex formation.
  • Thermodynamic analysis of aqueous complexation using activity scales.

Main Results:

  • Solid-state guest inclusion involves phase transitions and interplay of size exclusion, co-activation, and guest-water competition.
  • Aqueous complexation is influenced by hydrophobic effects, guest shape, and water energetics.

Conclusions:

  • Solid-state cyclodextrin complexation requires distinct analytical approaches.
  • Understanding structure-property relationships is key for both solid and aqueous systems.