Extracellular vesicles and nanoparticles at a glance.

Area of Science:

• Cell Biology
• Molecular Biology
• Biochemistry

Background:

• Cells communicate via extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are membrane-bound structures carrying proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids.
• EVs are vital in physiological processes and pathological conditions, with diverse types secreted by most cells.
• Recent discoveries include non-vesicular extracellular nanoparticles (NVEPs) like exomeres and supermeres.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide an overview of the diversity of EVs and nanoparticles released by cells.
• To highlight recent advances in the study of extracellular nanoparticle secretion and function.
• To summarize the roles of these structures in intercellular communication.

Main Methods:

• Literature review and synthesis of recent findings in the field of extracellular vesicles and nanoparticles.
• Analysis of current understanding of EV and NVEP biogenesis and cargo.
• Comparative overview of different types of extracellular nanoparticles.

Main Results:

• Extracellular space is populated by a wide array of EVs and NVEPs, including newly identified exomeres and supermeres.
• These nanoparticles exhibit significant heterogeneity in size, composition, and origin.
• EVs and NVEPs play multifaceted roles in mediating cell-cell signaling.

Conclusions:

• Cells release a complex and diverse repertoire of extracellular nanoparticles, beyond traditional EVs.
• Understanding the heterogeneity and function of these nanoparticles is crucial for advancing cell biology and medicine.
• Further research into NVEPs like exomeres and supermeres is warranted to elucidate their specific roles.