Incremental Cardiovascular Risk of Menopause in Women with Psoriasis, Psoriatic Arthritis or Spondyloarthritis?

This narrative review aims to discuss the most recent studies regarding the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women with psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and spondyloarthritis (SpA). In addition, the potential of menopause to modulate/increase CVD risk in women with these diseases will also be explored. It is of major interest to gain more understanding into this topic because it can have meaningful implications for screening and treatment of CVD risk in these women.

Literature shows that psoriasis, PsA, SpA and menopause itself cause higher CVD risks and higher CVD prevalence. This is predominantly explained by the increase of chronic systemic inflammation. No existing literature conclusively demonstrates or studies specifically whether the menopause amplifies this effect caused by psoriasis, PsA, or SpA.

Differences in pathophysiology of psoriasis, SpA and PsA versus the menopausal transition could suggest that menopause may increase the risk of CVD. However, the hypothesis that menopause represents an additional CV risk factor in women with psoriasis, PsA and SpA still needs to be thoroughly investigated and more clinical studies are required for further understanding and conclusions.