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The Tumor Microenvironment

The Tumor Microenvironment

Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...

Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2025

Author Spotlight: Investigating Immune Cell Dynamics in the Tumor Microenvironment — Challenges and Innovations in Cancer Prognosis

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Published on: April 12, 2024

Tumor-Infiltrating Immune Cells in Colorectal Cancer.

Sonia A M Ferkel¹, Elizabeth A Holman¹, Raoul S Sojwal¹

¹Stanford University, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford, USA.

Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.)

|December 6, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This review details tumor-infiltrating immune cells in colorectal cancer (CRC), highlighting their varied roles and prognostic significance. Understanding these immune signatures is key for developing targeted immunotherapies and personalized CRC treatments.

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Last Updated: Jun 5, 2025

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Published on: April 12, 2024

Evaluation of Tumor-infiltrating Leukocyte Subsets in a Subcutaneous Tumor Model

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Published on: April 13, 2015

Author Spotlight: Unlocking Insights into the Immune Cell Landscape of Tumors

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Published on: August 18, 2023

Area of Science:

Oncology
Immunology
Precision Medicine

Background:

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a complex disease with diverse pathophysiological mechanisms and immune responses.
Tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) play a critical role in CRC, but their identification and functional characterization are challenging.
Variations in immune cell definitions and identification strategies hinder understanding of intercellular mechanisms within the tumor microenvironment.

Purpose of the Study:

To compile and review human and non-human studies on TIICs in CRC.
To provide an overview of immune subtypes, their functions, and prognostic value in CRC.
To discuss how differentiating immune signatures can inform immunotherapeutic targets and personalized treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

Comprehensive analysis of human protein biomarker profiles across the immune spectrum.
Review of existing literature on TIICs in colorectal tumors.
Examination of pathophysiological functions and prognostic roles of various immune subtypes.

Main Results:

TIICs exhibit significant heterogeneity in CRC, impacting therapeutic response and prognosis.
Distinct immune signatures are crucial for understanding tumor microenvironment interactions.
Protein biomarker profiles offer improved interpretability for TIIC studies.

Conclusions:

Differentiating immune signatures in CRC is essential for advancing immunotherapy and precision medicine.
Understanding TIIC roles can guide the development of novel immunotherapeutic targets.
Personalized treatment regimens for CRC patients can be enhanced by analyzing immune profiles.