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Related Concept Videos

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:24

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into three main regions. The outermost region, the cerebral cortex, is a thin layer (2 to 4 millimeters thick) made up of gray matter, consisting of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, and blood vessels. The middle region, or white matter, is primarily composed of myelinated nerve fibers organized into three types of large tracts: association fibers, commissures, and projection fibers. Association fibers connect different areas within the same...
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Organization of the Brain01:30

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The brain is an integral component of the nervous system and serves as the center for processing sensory inputs, making decisions, and directing bodily actions. This complex organ is organized into three primary sections: the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain, each responsible for a range of vital functions.
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Neurons are the main type of cell in the nervous system that generate and transmit electrochemical signals. They primarily communicate with each other using neurotransmitters at specific junctions called synapses. Neurons come in many shapes that often relate to their function, but most share three main structures: an axon and dendrites that extend out from a cell body.
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The human brain, a complex organ, is functionally divided into two cerebral hemispheres—left and right. These hemispheres are interconnected by a structure of paramount importance, the corpus callosum. This substantial bundle of neural fibers is not just a bridge between the hemispheres but a crucial element for the brain's comprehensive functioning. It enables efficient communication between the two hemispheres, allowing each side of the brain to control and receive sensory and motor...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2025

Large-scale Three-dimensional Imaging of Cellular Organization in the Mouse Neocortex
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Cell type census in cerebral cortex reveals species-specific brain function and connectivity.

Kohei Onishi1, Tomomi Shimogori1

  • 1Laboratory for Molecular Mechanisms of Brain Development, Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.

Neuroscience Research
|December 6, 2024
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Summary

Investigating gene expression reveals how distinct cell types create species-specific differences in conserved brain regions like the somatosensory cortex, offering evolutionary insights.

Keywords:
Comparative analysisDevelopmentEvolutionSpatial transcriptomics

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 5, 2025

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Using Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting to Examine Cell-Type-Specific Gene Expression in Rat Brain Tissue
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • The mammalian cerebral cortex has conserved functional regions across species, including primary somatosensory cortex (SSC).
  • Despite conservation, these regions display species-specific connectivity and functions.
  • Distinct cell types within conserved regions are hypothesized to drive these functional differences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review molecular mechanisms governing cell-type formation in rodent primary somatosensory cortex.
  • To explore the cross-species conservation of these mechanisms in different brain regions.
  • To provide insights into the diversity and evolution of mammalian cortical neural circuits.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent research on molecular mechanisms of cell-type specification.
  • Comparative analysis of gene expression patterns across species and brain regions.
  • Focus on cellular-level investigations of neural development.

Main Results:

  • Specific molecular mechanisms are crucial for generating diverse cell types in the rodent SSC.
  • These conserved mechanisms are found in various brain regions and species.
  • Cellular-level gene expression analysis is key to uncovering species-specific neural diversity.

Conclusions:

  • Cell-type diversity is a fundamental driver of functional divergence in conserved cortical areas.
  • Conserved molecular pathways contribute to both species-specific and conserved features of neural circuits.
  • Understanding these mechanisms enhances our knowledge of mammalian brain evolution and diversity.