Implementing differential recovery corrections enhances accuracy of mass balances on microplastics in wastewater...

This study examined the impact of using different analytical recovery practices to correct MP concentrations on the performance of count and mass balances of primary wastewater settling. Spiking tests using standard MPs were conducted to evaluate the influence of MP size and sample type on recovery. The derived recovery values were then used to correct MP concentrations and loads in a full-scale primary treatment facility. The results reveal substantial differences in recovery that were dependent upon MP size and sample type, underlining the necessity of incorporating these discrepancies when estimating MP concentrations. Omitting recovery considerations during MP concentration reporting led to underestimations of approximately 40 %. In contrast, incorporating MP size and sample type during recovery calculations fostered a more accurate representation of MP concentrations, thereby enhancing the closure of balance models. While a count balance model was not apparently improved through the use differential recovery, the mass balance model showed a significant improvement in closure, reducing the lack of balance from 30.2 % to 17.2 %. This discrepancy was primarily attributed to the differing proportions of the primary sludge stream load in each model. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating differential recovery into mass balance models and demonstrate the complementary nature of count and mass balance approaches in understanding the fate and transport of MPs in WWTPs. The results of this study have significant implications for improving environmental assessments, policies and engineering design of wastewater treatment processes.