Cell cycle arrest via DNA Damage Response (DDR) pathway induced by extracellular self-DNA (esDNA) application in rice...

Conspecific plant growth is inhibited by extracellular fragments in a concentration-dependent manner. Although several reports have addressed this self-DNA inhibition, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this investigation, we evaluated the progression of cell cycle of rice roots in responding to extracellular-self DNA (esDNA). We analyzed root growth, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂₎ production, Catalase (CAT) and Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX) enzyme activities, DNA Damage Response (DDR)-related gene expression, and cell cycle progression. Our results suggest that esDNA-induced root growth inhibition on days 7 and 10 and might associated with cell cycle arrest initiated several hours after esDNA treatment. The esDNA-induced cell cycle arrest is facilitated through the DDR pathway, activated by DNA damage resulting from elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by esDNA. Specifically, esDNA upregulates DDR-related gene expression including OsATM (Oryza sativa ataxia telangiectasia mutated), OsATR (Oryza sativa ATM and Rad3-related), OsSOG1 (Oryza sativa SUPPRESSOR OF GAMMA RESPONSE 1), OsWEE1 (Oryza sativa WEE1-like kinase 1), and OsSMR4 (Oryza sativa SIAMESE-RELATED 4), leading to cell cycle arrest. Finally, we propose that cell cycle arrest might be a plausible explanation for the phenomenon of root growth inhibition by esDNA. This result highlights the significance of DDR signaling in the plant's response to esDNA. This finding will be helpful as initial information for developing green herbicides to control monocot weeds in agriculture.