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Who's that lady? - Applying open source intelligence in a history context.

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Researchers used artificial intelligence (AI), Dark Web data, and open source intelligence (OSINT) to identify women in an iconic Albert Einstein photograph from 1913. This research reveals their significant, previously unrecognized contributions to physics and the theory of relativity.

Keywords:
Albert EinsteinBlack open accessCatherina Amelia FrankampEva Dina BruinsGeertruida Luberta LorentzHenderina Jacoba Schaap-BiegelJohann Jacob KernJohanna Hermine BiegelMarie Scanavy-GrigorieffMileva MarićOpen source intelligenceRebekka Aleida BiegelSophie RotszajnTatyana Alexeyevna Afanasyevacovert social network analysis

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Area of Science:

  • * History of Science
  • * Physics
  • * Digital Humanities

Background:

  • * An iconic group photograph featuring Albert Einstein, taken in Zurich in 1913, has long been a subject of investigation.
  • * The identities of several individuals, particularly three women, in the photograph remained unknown, obscuring their potential contributions.
  • * Rebekka Aleida Biegel, a Dutch astronomer and psychologist, was identified as a key figure connected to the individuals in the photo.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To accurately identify the individuals, including three previously unknown women, in a historic 1913 group photograph with Albert Einstein.
  • * To determine the precise date and context of the photographs.
  • * To reconstruct the historical significance and scientific contributions of marginalized women in early 20th-century physics.

Main Methods:

  • * Utilized a novel research methodology combining data from the Dark Web, advanced face recognition, open source intelligence (OSINT) tools, and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques.
  • * Analyzed four group portraits to cross-reference information and confirm identities.
  • * Employed network analysis to understand the connections between individuals, including Rebekka Aleida Biegel.

Main Results:

  • * Successfully identified the true identities of three women and one unknown man in the group portraits with high certainty.
  • * Determined the exact date and time the photographs were taken: June 30, 1913, around 4:30 PM.
  • * Uncovered evidence that the identified women were active participants in Einstein's scientific discussions and colloquia, contributing to the development of the theory of relativity.

Conclusions:

  • * The study resolves long-standing mysteries surrounding the iconic 1913 Einstein photograph, providing crucial historical and scientific context.
  • * Innovative digital methods, including AI and OSINT, successfully reconstructed the past of forgotten and marginalized women scientists.
  • * The findings highlight the significant, yet previously overlooked, role these women played in the scientific milieu of Albert Einstein, impacting the development of the theory of relativity.