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Gill Health in Fish Farmed in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS): A Review.

Håvard Bjørgen1, Erling Olaf Koppang1, Barbara F Nowak2

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Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) show promise for sustainable aquaculture but can impact fish gill health due to water quality issues. More consistent reporting and holistic studies are needed to understand these effects.

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Area of Science:

  • Aquaculture
  • Fish Health
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) offer controlled, sustainable fish farming independent of water access.
  • Despite advancements, water quality in RAS can negatively impact fish gill health.
  • Existing research often lacks detailed water quality reporting, complicating the assessment of RAS impacts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review fish gill structure and immune responses.
  • To discuss the known impacts of RAS on fish gill health.
  • To highlight methodological challenges and future research needs in RAS gill health studies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on RAS and fish gill health.
  • Analysis of methods used to assess gill health (histology, gene expression, microbiome).
  • Critique of experimental designs, emphasizing water quality reporting and controls.

Main Results:

  • Inconsistent findings exist regarding gill health differences between RAS and flow-through systems.
  • Methodological limitations, particularly inadequate water quality data, hinder definitive conclusions.
  • Various assessment methods show potential but require integration for comprehensive evaluation.

Conclusions:

  • Standardized reporting of water quality is crucial for RAS research.
  • Robust experimental designs with sufficient replicates and appropriate controls are necessary.
  • Further research, especially on brackish and marine RAS, is required to fully understand impacts on fish gill health.