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Randomized Experiments

Randomized Experiments

The randomization process involves assigning study participants randomly to experimental or control groups based on their probability of being equally assigned. Randomization is meant to eliminate selection bias and balance known and unknown confounding factors so that the control group is similar to the treatment group as much as possible. A computer program and a random number generator can be used to assign participants to groups in a way that minimizes bias.
Simple randomization
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Updated: May 5, 2026

Three Different Protocols of Corneal Collagen Crosslinking in Keratoconus: Conventional, Accelerated and Iontophoresis

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Published on: November 12, 2015

Allergic disease and keratoconus: A two-sample univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization study.

Hanlu Xu^1,2, Yajing Wen^1,2, Huikang Zheng^1,2

¹National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.

The World Allergy Organization Journal

|December 9, 2024

Summary

Allergic conjunctivitis (AC) is a potential causal risk factor for keratoconus (KC). This study found a causal link between AC and KC, suggesting new prevention strategies for patients with allergies.

Keywords:

Allergic conjunctivitis Allergic disease Keratoconus Mendelian randomization

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Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Genetics
Immunology

Background:

Accumulating evidence suggests allergies may increase keratoconus (KC) risk, but this association remains debated.
A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study investigated the causal link between four allergic diseases and KC.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the putative causal association between allergic conjunctivitis (AC), allergic asthma (AA), allergic rhinitis (AR), and atopic dermatitis (AD) with keratoconus (KC).
To explore potential mediation by systemic inflammatory cytokines in the AC-KC relationship.

Main Methods:

Utilized genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics for allergic diseases and KC.
Performed univariable, multivariable, and two-step MR analyses, including analysis of 91 circulating inflammatory cytokines.

Main Results:

Genetically determined KC showed significant causal odds ratios for AC (1.66), AA (1.29), AR (1.39), and AD (1.30).
Allergic conjunctivitis (AC) remained suggestively associated with KC after adjusting for other allergic diseases (OR 1.61).
Two-step MR indicated no mediation by the studied systemic inflammatory cytokines.

Conclusions:

Findings provide evidence for a potential causal relationship between allergic conjunctivitis (AC) and keratoconus (KC).
The AC-KC pathway may involve unmeasured inflammatory cytokines or alternative mechanisms.
Results may inform prevention and intervention strategies for reducing KC risk in AC patients.