Rational design and syntheses of naphthalimide-based fluorescent probes for targeted detection of diabetes biomarkers

Diabetes poses serious health risks, leading to complications such as liver damage, renal issues, and heart inflammation. Diagnosis typically relies on blood sugar level testing, but qualitative markers like obesity and fatigue often manifest only after prolonged illness. To address the delay in diagnosis, the development of fluorescent probes has drawn the key attention. This review examines the recent advancements especially on Naphthalimide (NM) based fluorescent construct for detecting biomolecular changes related to diabetes and its complications. For the first time this review discusses the synthetic methods and design principles for these probes, providing valuable insights for researchers focused on diabetes treatment and probe development, and laying the groundwork for future clinical applications of these probes in early diabetes diagnosis and intervention.