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The Triad of COVID-19 in Children: Acute COVID-19, Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome, and Long COVID-Part I

Avanti Gupte, Swetha Sriram, Vignesh Gunasekaran

    Pediatric Annals
    |December 9, 2024
    PubMed

    Insights

    COVID-19 affects children, causing acute illness, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), and long COVID. This review summarizes pediatric manifestations across these conditions.

    Area of Science:

    • Pediatrics
    • Infectious Diseases
    • Public Health

    Background:

    • COVID-19 rapidly became a global pandemic, initially thought to primarily affect adults.
    • Pediatric cases of COVID-19 emerged, leading to the identification of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C).
    • Persistent post-acute COVID-19 symptoms in children have been termed 'long COVID'.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To summarize the respiratory, cardiovascular, dermatological, and gastroenterological manifestations in infants.
    • To categorize these manifestations within the contexts of acute COVID-19, MIS-C, and long COVID.

    Main Methods:

    • This section is a review of existing literature and case reports.
    • Focuses on manifestations in infants across three distinct COVID-19 related conditions.

    Main Results:

    • Acute COVID-19 can present with various symptoms in infants.
    • MIS-C presents as a serious inflammatory condition in children, mimicking Kawasaki disease.
    • Long COVID involves persistent symptoms in children weeks to months after initial infection.

    Conclusions:

    • COVID-19 impacts infants through acute illness, MIS-C, and long COVID.
    • Understanding these varied manifestations is crucial for pediatric care and management.
    • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the long-term effects of COVID-19 in children.

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