Mycoprotein nanoparticles in agriculture

A32 kDa protein from fungi can be used to produce nanoparticles which might be use as nanofertilisers needed by plants. There are large numbers of fungi which can be used for the efficient synthesis of nanofertiliser particles. Generally, the formation of nanoparticles by fungi involves metal capture, enzymatic reduction and capping on their surface. Metal ions are located either on the outer surface or inside fungal cells and then chemically reduced to nanoparticles in the presence of fungal enzymes. The best way to apply fungus-synthesised nanoparticles/nanofertiliser is to foliage but they can also be applied to soil or through seed soaking. They may also apply through drip, sprinkler, hydroponic, aeroponic and aquaponic. The major effects of nanoparticles as nanofertilisers are on the elevation of antioxidant enzyme activities and photosynthetic pigments. They help to improve in plant tolerance to stresses and defence against pest and diseases after retaining important physiological and biochemical functions. The net results are increased seed germination, vigour index, chlorophyll level, hormonal regulation, photosynthetic rate, electrolytic levels, plant biomass and crop yields. Mycoprotein nanoparticles may alter plant metabolic pathways, regulating energy dissipation, and improved membrane permeability and stability, at the same time as increasing plant health and growth kinetic traits. They are also known to trigger to produce more microbial polysaccharide from polysaccharide secreting fungi that help in soil aggregation, moisture retention, carbon build - up. However, they should be applied only in recommended doses to avoid adverse effects on plant growth and toxicity.