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Related Concept Videos

Infection01:20

Infection

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
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Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency...
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Diphtheria01:28

Diphtheria

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Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...
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Bacterial Gastroenteritis01:18

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

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Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid...
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Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

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Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
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Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

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Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
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Subcutaneous Infection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus MRSA
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Infection with the delta agent in children.

P Farci, C Barbera, C Navone

    Gut
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    Hepatitis B virus associated delta agent infection significantly worsens liver disease in Italian children. Delta infection leads to progressive hepatitis unresponsive to immunosuppressive treatments.

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    Area of Science:

    • Hepatology
    • Virology
    • Pediatric Gastroenterology

    Background:

    • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global health concern.
    • The hepatitis B virus associated delta agent (HBV-Δ) is a unique RNA virus that requires HBV for replication.
    • Coinfection with HBV and HBV-Δ can lead to more severe liver disease.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the prevalence and impact of hepatitis B virus associated delta agent infection in Italian children with HBsAg-positive liver disease.
    • To evaluate the long-term outcomes of chronic hepatitis associated with delta infection in pediatric patients.
    • To assess the efficacy of conventional immunosuppressive treatments on delta-associated chronic hepatitis.

    Main Methods:

    • Serological testing for delta infection in 270 Italian children with HBsAg-positive liver disease.
    • Histological examination of liver biopsies to assess disease activity and stage.
    • Longitudinal follow-up of patients for two to seven years to monitor disease progression.
    • Analysis of treatment outcomes with steroids and azathioprine.

    Main Results:

    • Delta infection was detected in 34 of 270 children (12.6%).
    • Prevalence of delta infection correlated with liver disease activity, being highest in children with cirrhosis.
    • Hepatitis deteriorated in 38% of delta-infected children versus 7% of delta-negative children over follow-up.
    • Remission occurred in only 9% of delta-infected children compared to 55% of delta-negative children.
    • Steroid and azathioprine treatments did not influence the outcome of delta-associated hepatitis.

    Conclusions:

    • Chronic delta infection in children with HBsAg-positive liver disease is associated with severe, progressive liver disease.
    • Delta infection significantly worsens the prognosis of chronic hepatitis in pediatric patients.
    • Conventional immunosuppressive therapies are ineffective in managing chronic delta infection and its associated liver disease in children.