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Related Concept Videos

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

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Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
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Some cycloaddition reactions are activated by heat, while others are initiated by light. For example, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition between two ethylene molecules occurs only in the presence of light. It is photochemically allowed but thermally forbidden.
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The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
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Reaction centers are pigment-protein complexes that initiate energy conversion from photons to chemical entities. Therefore, photochemical reaction center is a more appropriate term that describes these complexes. The Nobel laureates Robert Emerson and William Arnold provided the first experimental evidence of photochemical reaction centers by demonstrating the participation of nearly 2,500 chlorophyll molecules for the release of just one molecule of oxygen. Despite thousands of photosynthetic...
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Updated: Jun 5, 2025

Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks COFs: A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface
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Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks COFs: A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface

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Covalent Organic Frameworks for Photocatalysis.

Bikash Mishra1, Akhtar Alam1, Avanti Chakraborty1

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Kolkata, 700106, India.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|December 10, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are promising photocatalysts for sustainable energy. This review details their use in solar energy conversion, covering applications, design, and performance enhancement strategies.

Keywords:
CO2 reductionCOFsPhotocatalysismicroporous materialswater splitting

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Photocatalysis
  • Renewable Energy

Background:

  • Global energy crisis and environmental concerns necessitate sustainable energy solutions.
  • Solar energy offers a path to net-zero carbon emissions.
  • Photocatalysts convert sunlight into chemical energy carriers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of covalent organic framework (COF)-based photocatalysts.
  • To discuss COFs in applications like water splitting, H2O2 generation, organic transformations, and CO2/N2 reduction.
  • To explore mechanisms, design principles, and structure-function relationships of COFs in photocatalysis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of key developments in COF-based photocatalysts.
  • Discussion of underlying mechanisms and material design principles.
  • Analysis of structure-function relationships in photocatalytic applications.

Main Results:

  • Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) exhibit tunable structures, high surface areas, and broad visible light absorption, making them promising photocatalysts.
  • COFs are effective in diverse applications including water splitting, hydrogen peroxide generation, organic transformations, and CO2/N2 reduction.
  • Strategies like improving crystallinity, regulating molecular structures, tailoring linkages, and incorporating cocatalysts enhance COF performance.

Conclusions:

  • COF-based photocatalysts offer significant potential for sustainable energy conversion.
  • Further research and strategic design are crucial for optimizing COF performance and realizing their full potential.
  • Utilization of photocatalytically generated chemicals into value-added products is a critical next step.