A BOIMPY Dye Enables Multi-Photoinduced Electron Transfer Catalysis: Reaching Super-Reducing Properties

An established concept to create radical intermediates is photoexcitation of a catalyst to a higher energy intermediate, subsequently leading to a photoinduced electron transfer (PET) with a reaction partner. The known concept of consecutive photoinduced electron transfer (con-PET) leads to catalytically active species even higher in energy by the uptake of two photons. Generally speaking, increased photon uptake leads to a more potent reductant. Here, we report the concept of multi-photoinduced electron transfer catalysis (>2 photons), termed multi-PET, which is enabled by photoinduced one-electron reductions of an organic dye. Further irradiation of the doubly reduced species leads to a photoexcited dianionic super-reductant, which is more potent than Li metal - one of the strongest chemical reductants known. This multi-photon process which is enabled by 390 nm LEDs allows the cleavage of strong carbon-fluorine bonds and reduction of other halides even in very electron-rich substrates. The resulting radicals are quenched by hydrogen atoms or engaged in carbon-carbon and carbon-phosphorus bond formations, highlighting the utility of multi-PET for organic chemistry. In addition, multi-PET enabled Birch-type reductions. Spectroscopic, chemical and computational investigations are presented to gain mechanistic insights.