Spontaneous Emergence of Lipid Vesicles in a Coacervate-Based Compartmentalized System

The spontaneous emergence of lipid vesicles in the absence of evolved biological machinery represents a major challenge for bottom-up synthetic biology. We show that coacervate microdroplets could create a compartmentalized environment that enriches lipid molecules and facilitates their spontaneous assembly into lipid vesicles. These vesicles can escape from the coacervate microdroplets in a continuous process under non-equilibrium conditions, resembling a constant production process akin to a "primitive enzyme" factory assembly line. These findings significantly extend our understanding of the intricate interaction between lipid molecules and coacervate microdroplets, shedding light on the emergence of cellular systems and offering a new perspective on the conditions necessary for the development of life on Earth.