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Related Concept Videos

Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance02:40

Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance

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Early diagnosis and treatment can often cure cancer. However, even with treatment, residual cells called cancer stem cells (CSC) might remain, often causing tumor recurrence. These cancer stem cells possess the potential for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation and are often responsible for the therapeutic resistance displayed in most cancers.
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Cancers Originate from Somatic Mutations in a Single Cell02:21

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Cancer arises from mutations in the critical genes that allow healthy cells to escape cell cycle regulation and acquire the ability to proliferate indefinitely. Though originating from a single mutation event in one of the originator cells, cancer progresses when the mutant cell lines continue to gain more and more mutations, and finally, become malignant. For example, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) develops initially as a non-lethal increase in white blood cells, which progressively...
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Cancer02:18

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Cancers arise due to mutations in genes involved in the regulation of cell division, which leads to unrestricted cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have made great strides in the understanding and treatment of cancer, including eradicating cancer in some patients. However, there is still no cure for cancer. This is largely due to the fact that cancer is a large group of many diseases.
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Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
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Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the...
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Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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Cells in the Polyaneuploid Cancer Cell State Are Prometastatic.

Mikaela M Mallin1,2, Louis T A Rolle1, Michael J Schmidt3

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Prostate cancer cells in the polyaneuploid cancer cell (PACC) state exhibit increased metastatic potential. Our study confirms PACC cells drive metastasis and may explain chemotherapy

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Cancer Biology
  • Metastasis Research

Background:

  • Emerging evidence suggests the polyaneuploid cancer cell (PACC) state contributes to cancer metastasis.
  • In vitro studies indicate enhanced metastatic potential in PACC cells.
  • Retrospective patient data links PACC presence in tumors to future metastasis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the causative role of the PACC state in prostate cancer metastasis.
  • To quantitatively and qualitatively assess circulating and disseminated tumor cells for PACC status.
  • To explore prometastatic mechanisms specific to the PACC state.

Main Methods:

  • Development and application of a novel flow cytometry method for detecting CTCs and DTCs in animal models.
  • Analysis of subcutaneous, caudal artery, and intracardiac murine models.
  • In vitro and in vivo colonization assays to assess PACC cell behavior.

Main Results:

  • 74% of recovered circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) were identified as PACC.
  • PACC populations demonstrated the ability to regain proliferative capacity at metastatic sites.
  • PACC cells exhibit a partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition phenotype and a prometastatic secretory profile.

Conclusions:

  • The PACC state confers metastatic competency in prostate cancer.
  • PACC cells possess specific prometastatic mechanisms.
  • The induction of the PACC state by anticancer agents may be an unforeseen factor in neoadjuvant therapy, potentially linking chemotherapy to metastatic progression.