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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2025

Optogenetic Entrainment of Hippocampal Theta Oscillations in Behaving Mice
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Origin of visual experience-dependent theta oscillations.

Michael P Zimmerman1, Samuel T Kissinger2, Paige Edens2

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, 915 Mitch Daniels Blvd., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.

Current Biology : CB
|December 10, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Theta oscillations in the mouse brain, linked to visual memory, do not originate in the thalamus. Instead, they appear to initiate independently within the primary visual cortex (V1).

Keywords:
familiaritylearningmemoryoscillationsilicon probesthetavisual cortex

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Systems Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • Persistent theta oscillations in the primary visual cortex (V1) are associated with visual experience and familiar stimuli.
  • These oscillations have been observed in higher visual areas (HVAs) and synchronized with V1 context-dependently.
  • The precise origin of these unique oscillatory dynamics remains undetermined.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the brain regions responsible for the generation of persistent theta oscillations.
  • To determine the functional connectivity changes associated with these oscillations.
  • To elucidate the role of the hippocampus in V1 theta oscillations.

Main Methods:

  • Paired extracellular electrophysiological recordings in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), lateral posterior nucleus (LP), retrosplenial cortex (RSC), and hippocampus (HPC).
  • Directed information analysis to infer functional connectivity.
  • NMDA lesioning of the hippocampus to assess its role.

Main Results:

  • No significant oscillatory activity was found in the dLGN or LP.
  • A sparse ensemble of oscillating neurons was observed in the RSC and HPC, similar to V1.
  • Directed information analysis indicated a trend toward decreased connectivity in V1-paired regions, with increased V1 → V1 connections, suggesting independent initiation in V1.
  • Hippocampal NMDA lesioning did not abolish V1 theta oscillations.

Conclusions:

  • Theta oscillations do not originate in the thalamus.
  • The RSC exhibits theta oscillations, potentially following V1 activity.
  • The hippocampus contains oscillating neurons, but V1 theta oscillations emerge independently of the hippocampus.