Comprehensive review of dysphagia and technological advances in dysphagia food

As the global population ages, dysphagia is becoming increasingly common among the elderly, posing serious risks such as choking, aspiration pneumonia, and even death. Leveraging advanced technologies to develop specialized food products for those with dysphagia not only serves the economic interests of the elderly food market but also significantly enhances the nutritional health and social satisfaction of this demographic. This review examines the causes and early symptoms of dysphagia, the development of texture-modified foods (TMFs), and the relevant regulations and standards. It also addresses the key factors influencing the swallowing of foods, focusing on rheology and tribology. Most texture-modified foods currently available do not provide an enjoyable eating experience for the elderly or those with dysphagia. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and mathematical modeling with food additive manufacturing technology appears promising for improving foods designed for the elderly and those with dysphagia. This paper highlights the critical benefits and potential applications of AI, mathematical modeling, and food additive manufacturing in creating dysphagia-friendly foods and provides a conceptual system for designing diets based on AI for dysphagic foods. AI and mathematical model-based food processing technology enable the food industry to achieve digitalization and large-scale customization, potentially revolutionizing the approach to dietary management in dysphagia.