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Related Concept Videos

Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Amplification, Next-generation Sequencing, and Genomic DNA Mapping of Retroviral Integration Sites
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Endogenous viral elements: insights into data availability and accessibility.

Muriel Ritsch1,2, Nadja Brait2,3, Erin Harvey2,4

  • 1RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Leutragraben 1, Jena 07743, Germany.

Virus Evolution
|December 11, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Endogenous viral elements (EVEs) are viral remnants in host genomes impacting health and evolution. Improving data accessibility and standardization is crucial for understanding EVEs and their evolutionary history.

Keywords:
ERVEVEdata accessibilitydata availabilitydatabaseendogenous retroviral elementendogenous viral elementnon-retroviral EVEnrEVE

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Endogenous viral elements (EVEs) are integrated viral sequences within host genomes, offering insights into viral evolution and host-pathogen interactions.
  • EVEs play complex roles in host health, evolution, and pathogenesis, but are often underestimated in genomic and transcriptomic studies.
  • Current research on EVEs is hindered by data underestimation and a lack of standardized guidelines for data sharing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and discuss challenges in EVE data availability and accessibility.
  • To propose solutions for improving the understanding and utilization of EVE-related data.
  • To emphasize the need for community-driven guidelines and improved data management for EVE research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current challenges in EVE research, focusing on data availability and accessibility.
  • Identification of biological and research focus imbalances related to different EVE types.
  • Analysis of current data reporting and database practices for EVE sequences and metadata.

Main Results:

  • EVE data is often overlooked, scattered across different research fields, and lacks standardized accessibility.
  • Imbalances in research focus and the inherent complexity of EVEs present significant challenges.
  • Existing generalist databases could be pragmatically improved for EVE data accessibility.

Conclusions:

  • Standardized guidelines and improved data management are essential for advancing EVE research.
  • Development of user-oriented identification tools and enhanced database accessibility are proposed solutions.
  • Community-wide efforts are needed to establish guidelines and foster a comprehensive understanding of EVEs and their evolutionary significance.