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Anti-social behavior and soccer identities: different continents, same mindset?

Martha Newson^1,2, Linus Peitz^2,3, Susilo Wibisono⁴

¹Institute of Lifecourse Development, University of Greenwich, London, UK.

Self and Identity : the Journal of the International Society for Self and Identity

|December 11, 2024

Summary

Extreme fan group membership, particularly identity fusion, significantly predicts antisocial behavior in soccer fans. This understanding is key to developing strategies for channeling group cohesion into prosocial actions.

Keywords:

Identity fusion fandom intergroup psychology social dominance orientation ultras

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Area of Science:

Social Psychology
Sociology of Sport

Background:

Anti-social fan behavior is a global concern in soccer.
Extreme fan groups (ultras) often exhibit higher rates of disorder.
Understanding the psychological drivers of fan misconduct is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the roles of identity fusion and ultras membership in explaining fan disorder.
To examine these factors in understudied contexts: Indonesia and Australia.

Main Methods:

Survey research was conducted with soccer fans in Indonesia and Australia.
Data collected on identity fusion, group membership (ultras vs. general fans), and antisocial behavior.
Statistical analyses were used to assess predictive relationships.

Main Results:

Antisocial behavior was significantly higher in ultras groups compared to general fans in both countries.
Identity fusion strongly predicted antisocial behavior, especially for ultras members.
Identity fusion was a better predictor than social identification or social dominance orientation.

Conclusions:

Identity fusion is a key psychological factor driving antisocial behavior in extreme soccer fan groups.
Interventions should consider the role of fusion to mitigate fan disorder.
Effective strategies can redirect group cohesion towards prosocial outcomes.