Infectious disease outbreaks in the wake of natural flood disasters: global patterns and local implications

Climate change is an urgent global health challenge, with floods becoming increasingly frequent and exacerbating the spread of infectious diseases. With its diverse climates and recurring natural disasters, Latin America is particularly susceptible to outbreaks following floods. These events disrupt ecosystems and create ideal conditions for the spread of waterborne and vector-borne pathogens. Floods also damage infrastructure, displace populations, and restrict access to clean water and healthcare services, further compounding public health risks. This review assesses the impact of floods on infectious disease outbreaks in Latin America, focusing on key epidemiological trends, vulnerabilities, and strategies for mitigation. This narrative review aims to analyse the incidence and transmission of infectious diseases during and after floods in Latin America. Particular emphasis is placed on waterborne diseases, such as cholera and leptospirosis, vector-borne diseases, including dengue and malaria, and respiratory infections in displaced populations. The review also considers how socioeconomic factors, healthcare limitations, and climate vulnerabilities amplify the public health risks in flood-affected regions. We extensively searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science from 2010 to May 2024, examining articles in English, Spanish, and Portuguese. The search focused on original descriptive studies on flooding and infectious diseases, particularly in Latin America. Keywords such as 'flooding,' 'waterborne diseases,' 'vector-borne diseases,' 'skin and soft tissue infections,' 'respiratory infections,' and specific disease names like leishmaniasis and malaria were employed. A descriptive analysis of the relevant articles was performed to synthesise the key findings. The results show a clear association between floods and infectious disease outbreaks in several countries. Waterborne diseases, especially cholera and leptospirosis, are frequently reported following floods due to contaminated water. Vector-borne diseases like dengue and malaria see increased transmission as stagnant water forms ideal breeding grounds for mosquitoes. Respiratory infections are also prevalent in overcrowded, unsanitary shelters for displaced populations. Additionally, fungal infections and skin diseases are notable concerns, especially in areas with prolonged exposure to floodwaters. Floods disproportionately affect vulnerable populations, particularly low-income areas with insufficient infrastructure and limited healthcare access. Climate change is likely to intensify the frequency and severity of floods further, increasing the health risks. Finally, this review underscores the critical need for improved disaster preparedness, enhanced healthcare infrastructure, and better water and sanitation systems in flood-prone regions. Strengthening public health interventions and implementing climate adaptation strategies are essential to mitigating the impact of infectious diseases in future flood events.