Highlights of Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome in Military Recruits: A Narrative Review

Medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS), commonly known as shin splints, is characterized by pain and inflammation in the shin caused by repetitive stress. While often associated with sports and physical activity, MTSS can significantly impact daily life, particularly in military recruits, making it a pertinent concern for this population. This narrative review synthesizes findings from a comprehensive search of databases to explore the prevalence, risk factors, and management of MTSS among military recruits. The search identified 35 studies discussing these aspects. MTSS is highly prevalent among military recruits, with an incidence ranging from 35% to 56%. Key risk factors include female sex, higher BMI, low aerobic fitness, smoking, and specific anatomical characteristics. Various treatments, including extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT), compression therapy, pneumatic leg braces, and shock-absorbing insoles, have been shown to effectively accelerate recovery. Early identification of at-risk individuals could significantly reduce MTSS incidence and related healthcare costs. Emerging artificial intelligence tools also hold promise for delivering precise risk assessments. In conclusion, MTSS is a common issue among military personnel, driven by the physical demands of their training and specific risk factors. Further research into predictors of MTSS across diverse military populations is essential to improve outcomes.