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Related Concept Videos

RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
This process occurs naturally in cells, often through the activity of genomically-encoded microRNAs. Researchers can take advantage of this mechanism by introducing synthetic RNAs to deactivate specific genes for research or therapeutic purposes. For example, RNAi could be used...
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Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs02:57

piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs

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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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Experimental RNAi02:15

Experimental RNAi

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

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Updated: Jun 5, 2025

Identification of Circular RNAs using RNA Sequencing
08:25

Identification of Circular RNAs using RNA Sequencing

Published on: November 14, 2019

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Translation of circular RNAs.

Giorgi Margvelani1, Karol Andrea Arizaca Maquera1, Justin Ralph Welden1

  • 1University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 741 South Limestone, Lexington, KY 40503, USA.

Nucleic Acids Research
|December 11, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are abundant, stable molecules. Emerging research shows these circular RNAs can be translated into novel proteins, potentially impacting diseases like cancer.

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Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of covalently closed RNA molecules found in eukaryotes.
  • RNA sequencing reveals millions of human circRNA isoforms, significantly outnumbering known messenger RNA (mRNA) isoforms.
  • CircRNAs are primarily located in the cytosol, exhibiting stability and functional roles, including sequestering microRNAs and RNA-binding proteins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the growing evidence for circRNA translation into proteins.
  • To explore the diverse cap-independent mechanisms driving circRNA translation.
  • To highlight the implications of circRNA-derived proteins in disease.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of RNA sequencing data to identify circRNA abundance and isoforms.
  • Review of literature on circRNA biogenesis, including backsplicing and intronic element influence.
  • Examination of established and emerging cap-independent translation mechanisms (e.g., IRES, m6A, A-to-I editing, eIF4A3 interaction).

Main Results:

  • CircRNAs are translated into proteins via multiple cap-independent pathways.
  • Translation is favored under conditions like cancer, yielding shorter proteins than mRNA-encoded counterparts.
  • These circRNA-derived proteins may possess novel functions relevant to disease pathogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Circular RNAs are not merely non-coding transcripts but can generate functional proteins.
  • The translation of circRNAs represents a significant expansion of the proteome.
  • Understanding circRNA translation is crucial for disease research and therapeutic development.