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Myopia prevalence differs by gender across generations, with men affected more in older groups and girls in younger ones. Education and lifestyle factors likely explain these shifts in myopia development.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Myopia is a growing cause of visual impairment globally.
  • Understanding gender-specific risk factors is crucial for effective myopia prevention strategies.
  • Previous research indicates varying myopia prevalence between genders, but generational differences require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate gender-based differences in myopia development across two distinct Dutch cohorts representing different generations.
  • To assess the potential impact of hypothetical interventions in education and lifestyle on reducing gender disparities in myopia.
  • To analyze myopia prevalence, incidence, and spherical equivalent changes in relation to gender and generational factors.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized two Dutch population-based cohorts: the Rotterdam Study (adults born 1887-1960) and the Generation R study (children born 2002-2006).
  • Employed sequential G-estimation to model hypothetical interventions and estimate their effects on gender-specific myopia outcomes.
  • Analyzed myopia prevalence and spherical equivalent differences between genders within each cohort.

Main Results:

  • In the older generation, men had a higher myopia prevalence (32.3%) than women (29.3%).
  • In the younger generation (age 13), girls exhibited higher myopia prevalence (24.7%) than boys (20.2%).
  • Hypothetical interventions reducing education levels in the older cohort significantly decreased gender differences in myopia (spherical equivalent by -52.4%). Interventions on reading time in the younger cohort showed non-significant trends.

Conclusions:

  • Gender-specific myopia prevalence patterns have shifted across generations, with men more affected in older cohorts and girls in younger ones.
  • Education appears to be a significant factor contributing to gender disparities in myopia, particularly in older generations.
  • Lifestyle factors may also play a role in youth myopia, though further research with larger sample sizes is needed to confirm their impact on gender differences.