An update in recent research on nicotine contamination and nicotine-degrading microorganisms

Nicotine is a toxic and addictive alkaloid found in tobacco and tobacco products that is harmful to human health and is an environmental pollutant. Nicotine-degrading microorganisms are unique microorganisms with the ability to use nicotine molecules as their sole source of nitrogen and carbon needed for growth. They are capable of degrading nicotine into less toxic or non-toxic metabolites. This review describes the environment's primary nicotine contamination sources and potential hazards. It also summarizes various types of nicotine-degrading microorganisms, their optimal culture conditions, and degradation efficiency. Four different catabolic pathways of nicotine in microorganisms are discussed, and the applications of nicotine-degrading microorganisms in different fields, such as the tobacco, pharmaceutical, and environmental protection industries, are outlined. This review describes the hazards of nicotine and the current research and application of nicotine-degrading microorganisms. It provides a theoretical reference for future research on nicotine-degrading microorganisms and their applications.