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Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena01:15

Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena

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Drug dependence, abuse, and addiction are complex phenomena that can precipitate various abnormal states. Physical dependence refers to a state of pharmacological adaptation to a drug. This adaptation often results in tolerance—a reduced response to the drug after repeated administrations. When the drug use is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body's need to readjust from the pharmacologically induced imbalance. However, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms do not...
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Drug Dependence01:17

Drug Dependence

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Medications are typically administered to achieve therapeutic effects. Some drugs can modify an individual's mood and perception, frequently resulting in various enjoyable experiences. However, this can result in drug dependency, a condition marked by continuous drug use despite potential negative consequences. Drug dependency primarily falls into two categories: psychological and physical dependence. Psychological dependence occurs when the pleasurable feelings induced by the drug...
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CNS Depressants: Alcohol and Nicotine01:27

CNS Depressants: Alcohol and Nicotine

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Ethanol, a clear colorless alcohol, has been consumed by humans for millennia, but its effects on the body are far from benign. At lower doses, it induces decreased inhibitions and loquaciousness, leading to its social appeal. However, it can cause severe consequences at higher doses, such as coma and respiratory depression, due to its zero-order elimination kinetics. Chronic ethanol abuse wreaks havoc on multiple organ systems, particularly the CNS and the liver. Abrupt cessation of ethanol...
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Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep01:24

Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep

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Substance use disorders involve a pattern of using drugs more extensively than intended and continuing use despite harmful consequences. This includes legal substances like alcohol and nicotine, as well as illegal drugs. These disorders often involve both physical and psychological dependence, reflecting compulsive use of substances that significantly alter thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, contributing to a major public health issue.
Understanding the concepts of physical dependence,...
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Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents01:23

Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents

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Atypical antidepressants, including bupropion (Wellbutrin), mirtazapine (Remeron), nefazodone (Serzone), trazodone (Desyrel), and vilazodone (Viibryd), offer unique mechanisms of action. Bupropion weakly inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake, aiding depression treatment and smoking cessation, with a low risk of sexual dysfunction. Mirtazapine enhances serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmission, leading to sedation, increased appetite, and weight gain. As a result, it helps treat...
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Desensitization and Tachyphylaxis01:20

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Tachyphylaxis is described as a rapid decrease in response to a drug after repeated or continuous administration of the same drug dose. It is a phenomenon where the body becomes less responsive to a particular substance or intervention over time, requiring higher doses or stronger interventions to achieve the same effect. It results from adaptive changes in the body's receptors, signaling pathways, or physiological processes that occur in response to prolonged exposure to a stimulus.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2025

A Prediction Error-driven Retrieval Procedure for Destabilizing and Rewriting Maladaptive Reward Memories in Hazardous Drinkers
08:05

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Remission from addiction: erasing the wrong circuits or making new ones?

Michel Engeln1, Serge H Ahmed2

  • 1Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France. michel.engeln@u-bordeaux.fr.

Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
|December 11, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Substance-use disorders (SUDs) often involve relapse, but recovery is possible. This research explores how new brain changes and forgetting drug-related memories can drive remission from SUDs.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Addiction Research

Background:

  • Chronic relapse is a defining characteristic of substance-use disorders (SUDs).
  • Understanding remission mechanisms is crucial for developing effective treatments.
  • Preclinical and human studies offer insights into recovery from SUDs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore neurobiological mechanisms underlying remission from SUDs.
  • To integrate findings from human neuroimaging and preclinical studies.
  • To investigate the role of memory and forgetting in SUD remission.

Main Methods:

  • Review of human neuroimaging studies on SUD recovery.
  • Analysis of preclinical research on neuronal circuit changes.
  • Examination of memory and forgetting research relevant to addiction.

Main Results:

  • Remission from SUDs involves significant neuronal circuit reconfiguration.
  • Environmental factors and negative drug consequences influence recovery.
  • Memory reconsolidation and forgetting may play key roles in erasing drug-associated memories.

Conclusions:

  • Remission can be achieved through the introduction of new, competing neuronal changes.
  • Erasure of drug-induced neuronal changes is a potential mechanism for sustained recovery.
  • Targeting memory processes could offer novel therapeutic strategies for SUD remission.