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Antibody Structure

Antibody Structure

Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...

Rab Proteins

Rab Proteins

Rab proteins constitute the largest family of monomeric GTPases, of which 70 members are present in humans. Rab proteins and their effectors regulate consecutive stages of vesicle transport such as vesicle transport, docking, and fusion to the correct recipient membrane.
Rab proteins switch between a cytosolic, GDP-bound inactive state and a membrane-anchored, GTP-bound active state. By themselves, Rabs show slow rates of GDP/GTP exchange and GTP hydrolysis. Thus, Rab proteins are considered...

Rab Cascades

Rab Cascades

Rab GTPases act in a regulated cascade during membrane fusion, helping the lipid bilayers mix. The Rab family of proteins are active when bound to GTP, and inactive when bound to GDP. Hence, they act as guanine nucleotide-dependent molecular switches. Rab-GTP recognizes and binds to long or short-range tethering proteins to capture the target vesicle. These tethers coordinate with SNAREs on the vesicle and the target membrane to assemble the trans SNARE complex that locks the mixing bilayers.

Immunoglobulin-like Cell Adhesion Molecules

Immunoglobulin-like Cell Adhesion Molecules

Immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules or Ig-CAMs are a versatile group of cell surface glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin protein superfamily. Ig-CAMs possess the characteristic immunoglobulin protein domains and other domains such as the fibronectin type III domain. The Ig domains are glycosylated to varying degrees in different Ig-CAMs.
Ig-CAMs exhibit either homophilic binding (to other Ig-CAMs) or heterophilic binding (to other ligands such as integrins). While most Ig-CAMs...

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Clinical Application of Sleeping Beauty and Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells to Genetically Modify T Cells from Peripheral and Umbilical Cord Blood

Clinical Application of Sleeping Beauty and Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells to Genetically Modify T Cells from Peripheral and Umbilical Cord Blood

Published on: February 1, 2013

A Switch Protein Adapter for Anti-LILRB4 CAR-T Cells.

Ryan Huang¹, Heyu Chen¹, Jingjing Xie¹

¹Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.

European Journal of Immunology

|December 12, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel CAR-T cell therapy strategy using switchable adapter proteins to target various cancers. This approach enhances CAR-T cell redirection for broader cancer treatment applications.

Keywords:

cancer chimeric antigen receptor‐T (CAR‐T)inhibitory receptor leukocyte immunoglobulin‐like receptor‐B 4 (LILRB4)switch protein tumor microenvironment universal chimeric antigen receptor‐T (CAR‐T)

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Clinical Application of Sleeping Beauty and Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells to Genetically Modify T Cells from Peripheral and Umbilical Cord Blood

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Manufacturing Chimeric Antigen Receptor CAR T Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy

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Published on: December 17, 2019

Author Spotlight: Enhancing CAR-T Cell Function in Syngeneic Tumor Models

Author Spotlight: Enhancing CAR-T Cell Function in Syngeneic Tumor Models

Published on: February 2, 2024

Area of Science:

Immunology
Oncology
Biotechnology

Background:

Chimeric antigen receptor-T cell (CAR-T) immunotherapy is effective against hematologic malignancies.
Expanding CAR-T therapy to solid tumors and other cancers requires novel targeting strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a flexible CAR-T cell redirection strategy using adapter proteins.
To target LILRB4-negative, CD19-positive, and CD20-positive cancers.

Main Methods:

Engineered switch protein (SwP) adapters fusing LILRB4 extracellular domain with anti-CD19 or anti-CD20 scFv.
Utilized anti-LILRB4 CAR-T cells in combination with SwP adapters.
Tested efficacy in vitro and in vivo against targeted cancer cells.

Main Results:

SwP adapters successfully redirected anti-LILRB4 CAR-T cells.
Demonstrated efficacy against LILRB4-negative CD19-positive and CD20-positive cancers.
Validated the strategy in both in vitro and in vivo models.

Conclusions:

Fusion antibody-based switch protein strategy offers flexible targeting for CAR-T cells.
This approach can potentially broaden the application of CAR-T immunotherapy to diverse cancer types.
Represents a valuable method for expanding cellular immunotherapy's impact.