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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Psychology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Suicide risk is notably higher among first responders.
  • The three-step theory of suicide (3ST) posits that pain and hopelessness lead to suicidal desire.
  • Previous research on 3ST has primarily focused on psychological pain, with limited exploration of physical pain's role.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the three-step theory of suicide (3ST) in a first responder population.
  • To examine the distinct and combined effects of physical and psychological pain on suicidal desire.
  • To determine if physical or psychological pain moderates the relationship between hopelessness and suicidal desire.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional online survey was administered to 204 first responders.
  • Participants reported on their experiences of physical pain, psychological pain, hopelessness, and suicidal desire.
  • Moderation analyses were conducted to assess the interplay between pain, hopelessness, and suicidal desire.

Main Results:

  • Physical pain significantly moderated the association between hopelessness and suicidal desire.
  • High levels of physical pain amplified the link between hopelessness and suicidal desire.
  • Psychological pain did not show a similar moderating effect.

Conclusions:

  • The findings provide empirical support for the three-step theory of suicide (3ST) within the first responder demographic.
  • Physical pain emerges as a critical factor, alongside hopelessness, in understanding suicidal desire in this population.
  • Results suggest the need for suicide risk assessment tools tailored to first responders, incorporating physical pain assessment.