Risk Factors and Predictors of Outcomes in Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy in Neonates

Background Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in neonates results from oxygen deprivation at birth, often leading to long-term neurological issues like cerebral palsy. Early detection is key to improving outcomes, but HIE remains a significant cause of neonatal complications. Here we aim to study the risk factors and predictors of outcome in moderate to severe HIE in inborn Term babies in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) Methods This prospective observational study was conducted in the NICU at a tertiary care center between August 2022 and July 2024. Forty term neonates diagnosed with moderate to severe HIE based on clinical and MRI findings were included. The study recorded antepartum, intrapartum, and postnatal risk factors, and neonatal outcomes were followed up.  Results In this study of 40 term neonates with HIE, 27 (67.5%) were male, 30 (75%) had a birth weight <2.5 kg, and 27 (67.5%) were delivered by cesarean section. Socioeconomic analysis revealed that 17 (42.5%) were from poor backgrounds. Of the mothers, 12 (30%) were over 30 years old and 19 (47.5%) used medications. Intrapartum factors included oligohydramnios in 13 (32.5%) and pregnancy-induced hypertension in 10 (25%). Postnatally, 28 (70%) required resuscitation, and 32 (80%) had a cord blood pH ≤7.0. MRI patterns showed 18 (45%) with basal ganglia/thalamus involvement and 22 (55%) with watershed lesions. At discharge, 39 (97.5%) were sent home, with 5 (12.5%) needing anti-seizure medications. No significant associations were found between MRI patterns and muscle tone or seizure activity. Conclusion This study highlights the complex interplay of maternal, intrapartum, and neonatal factors in the development of HIE. Identifying early risk factors is crucial for developing preventive and therapeutic strategies to reduce the burden of HIE-associated disabilities.