Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Bone Structure

Bone Structure

Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.

Bone Remodeling

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.

Classification of Bones

Classification of Bones

The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
Long and Short Bones
The appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper and lower limbs, is primarily made of long and short bones. The long...

Gross Anatomy of Bone

Gross Anatomy of Bone

The two main features of a long bone are the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone made of numerous osteons — the functional unit of the compact bone. The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which harbors the bone marrow. In infants and children, this marrow cavity is filled with red marrow, whereas in adults, it...

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

What makes a high-quality ENT resident doctor induction? A national survey of 380 participants.

The Journal of laryngology and otology·2025

Same author

Embolisation of Contraceptive Implants to the Pulmonary Arterial System: A Series of Three Cases from a Tertiary Thoracic Surgery Unit.

The Thoracic and cardiovascular surgeon·2025

Same author

The 1st London Head and Neck Reconstruction Course: Discussion and Review.

Annals of plastic surgery·2025

Same author

The Salto Mobile-Bearing Total Ankle Arthroplasty: Survivorship, Radiologic, and Clinical Outcomes at an Average 9-Year Follow-Up.

Foot & ankle international·2025

Same author

Surgical Simulation of Kirschner Wiring-Discussion and Review of the Newcastle Surgical Training Centre K-Wiring Course May 2024.

Annals of plastic surgery·2024

Same author

Reply to "PLAstic Surgery Teaching In the Undergraduate Curriculum of Medical Students-United Kingdom (PLASTICS-UK): A UK national collaborative survey of plastic surgery in the undergraduate medical curriculum".

Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Creation of a High-Fidelity, Low-Cost, Intraosseous Line Placement Task Trainer via 3D Printing

Creation of a High-Fidelity, Low-Cost, Intraosseous Line Placement Task Trainer via 3D Printing

Published on: August 17, 2022

Breaking the Mould: Comparing 3D-Printed and Composite Bone Models in Orthopaedic Training.

Charlotte Binnie¹, Yumna Nayab², Christopher Bano²

¹Plastic Surgery, St George's Hospital, London, GBR.

|December 12, 2024

Summary

Three-dimensional (3D) printed bone models offer superior tactile feedback for orthopaedic surgical training compared to traditional composite foam models, enhancing skill acquisition in K-wire driving and pilot hole drilling.

Keywords:

3 dimensional printing distal end radius plating orthopaedic registrar training simulation in medical education simulation models

More Related Videos

Vacuum-Sealed Hot Water Bath Immersion for the Preparation of Anatomical and Surgical Cadaveric Bone Models

Vacuum-Sealed Hot Water Bath Immersion for the Preparation of Anatomical and Surgical Cadaveric Bone Models

Published on: December 2, 2022

3D Printing Model of a Patient's Specific Lumbar Vertebra

3D Printing Model of a Patient's Specific Lumbar Vertebra

Published on: April 14, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Creation of a High-Fidelity, Low-Cost, Intraosseous Line Placement Task Trainer via 3D Printing

Creation of a High-Fidelity, Low-Cost, Intraosseous Line Placement Task Trainer via 3D Printing

Published on: August 17, 2022

Vacuum-Sealed Hot Water Bath Immersion for the Preparation of Anatomical and Surgical Cadaveric Bone Models

Vacuum-Sealed Hot Water Bath Immersion for the Preparation of Anatomical and Surgical Cadaveric Bone Models

Published on: December 2, 2022

3D Printing Model of a Patient's Specific Lumbar Vertebra

3D Printing Model of a Patient's Specific Lumbar Vertebra

Published on: April 14, 2023

Area of Science:

Orthopaedic Surgery
Biomedical Engineering
Medical Education Technology

Background:

Synthetic composite bone (reinforced solid foam) is the standard for orthopaedic education.
Concerns exist regarding the fidelity of composite foam in replicating human bone's tactile properties.
Three-dimensional (3D) printing offers a novel approach to creating anatomically accurate bone models.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the tactile feedback of a new formulation of 3D-printed synthetic bone.
To compare the performance of 3D-printed models against conventional composite bone models in simulated surgical tasks.
To assess the suitability of 3D-printed models for orthopaedic training.

Main Methods:

A pilot study involving orthopaedic trainees across two London hospital trusts.
Participants performed Kirschner-wire driving, pilot hole drilling, and screw insertion on both 3D-printed and composite bone models.
Trainees provided blinded feedback on the tactile experience for each task and model.

Main Results:

Twenty-three trainees participated, with a majority preferring the 3D-printed model for tactile feedback.
3D-printed models were rated significantly higher for K-wire driving (p<0.001) and pilot hole drilling (p<0.001).
Qualitative feedback highlighted better anatomical representation and corticomedullary junction depiction in 3D-printed models.

Conclusions:

3D-printed bone models represent a high-fidelity and sustainable alternative for orthopaedic training.
These models enhance the learning experience and confidence-building for future surgeons.
While composite bone remains standard, 3D printing shows significant promise for advancing surgical education.