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Updated: Jun 5, 2025

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[Non-obstructive coronary diseases: ANOCA, INOCA and MINOCA in focus]

Hasan Hadzalic1,2, Selma Hasific3, Christophe Wyss1

  • 1Herzklinik Hirslanden, Zürich.

Praxis
|December 12, 2024
PubMed

Insights

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a major health burden. This review highlights non-obstructive CHD, emphasizing its definitions, causes, and diagnosis for better treatment strategies.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Vascular Medicine

Background:

  • Cardiovascular diseases pose a significant public health burden in Europe.
  • Coronary heart disease (CHD) accounts for 34% of cardiovascular deaths.
  • Traditional focus on obstructive atherosclerotic stenoses is outdated; non-obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) mechanisms are understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of non-obstructive CHD.
  • To discuss common definitions, causes, and diagnostic methods for non-obstructive CAD.
  • To underscore the importance of recognizing non-obstructive CHD for treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on non-obstructive coronary artery disease.
  • Synthesis of information on definitions, etiological factors, and diagnostic approaches.
  • Analysis of the clinical significance and underestimation of non-obstructive CHD.

Main Results:

  • Non-obstructive CAD is increasingly recognized but poorly understood.
  • Current diagnostic strategies may underestimate the prevalence and impact of non-obstructive CHD.
  • Understanding the mechanisms and diagnostic pathways is crucial for effective management.

Conclusions:

  • Recognizing and diagnosing non-obstructive CHD is essential for comprehensive cardiovascular care.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms and optimize diagnostic strategies.
  • Improved identification of non-obstructive CHD will facilitate tailored treatment approaches.
Abstract

Keywords:
ANOCAINOCAIschemiaMINOCA

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