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Related Concept Videos

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability01:31

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

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In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...
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NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

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The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
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Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

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Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
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Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

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Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
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Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
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In Situ Monitoring of Diffusion of Guest Molecules in Porous Media Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging
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Probing iron in Earth's core with molecular-spin dynamics.

Svetoslav Nikolov1, Kushal Ramakrishna2,3, Andrew Rohskopf1

  • 1Computational Multiscale Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|December 12, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Researchers used machine learning to simulate iron under extreme pressure, revealing insights into Earth's core properties and the geodynamo effect. This advanced method accurately measures elastic properties and electronic transport crucial for understanding planetary magnetic fields.

Keywords:
Earth’s interiordynamical phase transitionsmolecular-spin dynamicsshock-physics

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Simulation of the Planetary Interior Differentiation Processes in the Laboratory
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Area of Science:

  • Geophysics and High-Pressure Physics
  • Computational Materials Science
  • Planetary Science

Background:

  • Understanding Earth's core dynamics is crucial for geodynamo theory.
  • Direct experimental measurements at core conditions are challenging.
  • Accurate elastic and transport properties of iron are needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To probe the dynamic phase-diagram of iron under Earth-core conditions.
  • To accurately determine elastic and transport properties of iron.
  • To elucidate mechanisms of the geodynamo effect.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a machine-learned ab initio derived molecular-spin dynamics (MSD) methodology.
  • Incorporated explicit treatment for longitudinal spin-fluctuations.
  • Coupled MSD with time-dependent density functional theory.

Main Results:

  • Accurately resolved phase-transition kinetics and Earth-core elastic properties.
  • Provided measurements of compressional wave velocity and adiabatic bulk moduli.
  • Gauged electronic transport properties critical for geodynamo dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • The developed MSD framework accurately models iron under extreme conditions.
  • This approach provides essential data for geodynamo research.
  • Advances understanding of Earth's deep interior and magnetic field generation.