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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology01:14

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

47
Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...
47
Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

72
Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
72

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

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Tract-specific spinal damage in SCA2, SCA3 and SCA6.

Fabrício Castro de Borba1, Joyce Macedo Sanches Fernandes1, Thiago Junqueira Ribeiro de Rezende1,2

  • 1Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da UNICAMP, Departamento de Neurologia da FCM/UNICAMP, Department of Neurology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária s/n Caixa Postal, 6111 Barão Geraldo, 13083970, Campinas, SP, Brasil.

Journal of Neurology
|December 12, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Spinal cord atrophy and white matter changes occur in Spinocerebellar Ataxias (SCAs) types 2 and 3, but not type 6. Spinal cord imaging reveals disease progression markers in SCA2.

Keywords:
MRISCA2SCA3SCA6Spinal cord toolboxSpinocerebellar ataxia

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Neurology
  • Medical Science

Background:

  • Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are neurodegenerative disorders causing progressive ataxia.
  • Cerebral and cerebellar damage are well-studied, but spinal cord involvement in SCAs is underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Characterize spinal cord abnormalities in Spinocerebellar Ataxia types 2, 3, and 6 (SCA2, SCA3, SCA6).
  • Identify phenotypic correlates of spinal cord abnormalities in SCAs.

Main Methods:

  • Multimodal spinal neuroimaging using 3 Tesla MRI.
  • Morphometric and diffusivity analyses of the cervical spinal cord via Spinal Cord Toolbox (SCT).
  • Study included 26 SCA3, 16 SCA2, 14 SCA6 patients, and healthy controls.

Main Results:

  • Significant spinal cord atrophy and altered white matter microstructural metrics found in SCA3 and SCA2 patients versus controls.
  • No spinal cord abnormalities detected in SCA6 patients.
  • Strong negative correlation between cross-sectional cord area and disease duration in SCA2, indicating potential biomarker utility.

Conclusions:

  • Spinal cord imaging is crucial for understanding SCA pathophysiology.
  • MRI-based metrics effectively identify structural deviations and clinical correlates in SCAs.
  • Further longitudinal studies are needed to validate findings and inform clinical trials.