Li-ion transport in two-dimensional nanofluidic membranes

The growing demand for lithium, driven by its critical role in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and other applications, has intensified the need for efficient extraction methods from aqua-based resources such as seawater. Among various approaches, 2D channel membranes have emerged as promising candidates due to their tunable ion selectivity and scalability. While significant progress has been made in achieving high Li⁺/Mg²⁺ selectivity, enhancing Li⁺ ion selectivity over Na⁺ ion, the dominant monovalent cation in seawater, remains a challenge due to their similar properties. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the fundamental mechanisms underlying Li⁺ selectivity in 2D channel membranes, focusing on the dehydration and diffusion processes that dictate ion transport. Inspired by the principles of biological ion channels, we identify key factors-channel size, surface charge, and binding sites-that influence energy barriers and shape the interplay between dehydration and diffusion. We highlight recent progress in leveraging these factors to enhance Li⁺/Na⁺ selectivity and address the challenges posed by counteracting effects in ion transport. While substantial advancements have been made, the lack of comprehensive principles guiding the interplay of these variables across permeation steps represents a key obstacle to optimizing Li⁺/Na⁺ selectivity. Nonetheless, with their inherent chemical stability and fabrication scalability, 2D channel membranes offer significant potential for lithium extraction if these challenges can be addressed. This review provides insights into the current state of 2D channel membrane technologies and outlines future directions for achieving enhanced Li⁺ ion selectivity, particularly in seawater applications.